Crime and Order Maintenance in Celtic and Roman Britain

Cells were stripped of Civil rights, practicing a profession unable to leave ribald territory loss of status within the community. Today we have electronic tagging to keep a person within a confined space, sometime people are given community sentence which helps redeem themselves 2. * People in Roman Times were tried before a Governor for crimes as the same as a judge in modern day * They were given prison sentences to deter them for refunding by instilling fear in them, this happens today with both fine and Jail sentences. * People were condemned to the mines to work.Again in modern day times this could be seen as a harsher community service. Marc McFadden HU0022914 Diploma in Criminal Psychology â€Å"The punishment of present day offenders has elements of the Celtic and Roman approaches. † When we look at how law and punishment is upheld today in Britain we can go back thousands of years into our history to see some similarities in Celtic and Roman times. There society. The re were different levels of kinship within the community, the lowest being a person who had infringed on the law. Infractions would result in fines.As there were no prisons or police force during this time, the responsibility to punish an offender was stowed upon the Kin and extended family. If they were of modest status, a guarantor would be set in place to ensure the fine was paid. This relates in today's punishment system as a bail. If the offender was unable to pay the fine then the guarantor was eligible to seize property from the offender. If someone were of lower class, unable to obtain a guarantor or pay the fine they would suffer a loss of civil rights, the right to practice a profession or possibly be excluded from religious rites.In modern society a prison sentence removes these same rites. The threat of isolation and loss of status was an important tool in keeping people within the law. Britain was invaded by Rome in DAD and on gaining control and power it was initially content to utilize the Cells peacekeeping arrangements. Surrounding free states and British countryside kept their own laws albeit they didn't conflict with the laws of Rome. Julius Gorilla became Governor in DAD chief Justice for both civil and criminal matters.He would gain advantage over Britons by using terror in order to stop crime. He would travel the province holding session courts as well as in the capital. Listening to both citizens and Roman citizens should they wish to be tried in Rome This is similar with the likes of our Court system today. The Biggest change in comparison to The Cells way of punishment is that Roman Britain had Capital punishment where only the Governor could give such a sentence as well as the condemnation to the mines.By now there were men in the form of police, Jailers and executioners. There methods were viewed as brutal ranging from flogging, imprisonment, slavery in the mines and even death by crucifixion, however they were there for the one reas on to instill fear that people would not offend and if they did the repercussions would deter them against it a second time. Julius successfully maintained order for the 7 years he held the post. Up until the 3rd century Britain had two different law codes, native and Roman.However by DADA with an invasion to Gaul by the Germans forced General Constantine Ill out of power and the expulsion of all reaming Roman administrators in Britain. Britons had seized power of the province and wrote to the Emperor Honoring asking for legal authority for their actions and sought independence from the Emperor. In conclusion although there have been many changes to our Justice system throughout time, many of the key elements remain from both Celtic and Roman Britain.

Personal and Team Effectiveness – Motivation

Personal and Team Effectiveness is a big topic and I, personally think that motivation is very important in the business world. I think it is a must to provide motivation for the workers. If the workers are more motivated to complete the task, it can increase the productivity and effectiveness of the company. This is the reason why we all want to motivate our workers to exert their best effort. Not only in the business world, is motivation everywhere.Parents always motivate their children to study hard by offering small presents. For example, I remember when I was young, my parents often rewarded me by visiting Ocean Park if I achieved good results in the exams. This worked and I was motivated to study harder and harder as I really wanted to go to Ocean Park. It is the same in the business world. If we want to motivate the employees to improve their performance, we have to give them some rewards.For example, the Incentive Compensation Program implemented in some companies has good ef fects. In this program, workers who have excellent performance can be rewarded a certain amount of bonus. Apart from bonus, I think good welfare systems, good working environment, good relationship with colleagues are ways to motivate the workers. All the above motivation we have talked about is extrinsic. It is provided by the third party, i. e. comes from outside of the individual.Besides extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation is also a way to motivate the workers. This refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external source. In fact, people who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to improve their skills, and hence the performance. In my childhood, apart from my parents’ reward systems, I was also motivated by myself.I liked Mathematics so I put much effort on it and did a lot of Mathematics exercise. This was due to my own interest. In the workplace, if the w orkers enjoy the task, they will exert their best effort in order to achieve excellent. No matter it is about studies or careers, intrinsic motivation is important. To conclude, motivation is everywhere in the world. If we want to achieve better results, it is a must for us to think about what motivation can be applied. If people are more motivated, they perform much better.

Native Americans in the United States and Cheyenne Essay

Region: By the time the Americans met the Cheyenne Indians they were living on the Great Plains of South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado and Kansas. The U. S. government forced the Cheyenne’s to move to Oklahoma during the 1800’s which the Cheyenne’s called â€Å"The Trail of Tears†. Some Cheyenne Indians escaped to the North into Montana. Today there are two Cheyenne tribes, one in Oklahoma and the other in Montana. Houses: Originally the Cheyenne’s lived in villages of earthen lodges and Birch bark â€Å"wigwams†. As they became Nomadic they used buffalo-hide to build houses called â€Å"Tee Pee†. They used the Tee Pee’s because they could set up and break down and were easy to carry so they could follow the buffalo herds. Food:. The Cheyenne were farmers in the beginning, the women harvested corn, squash and beans while the men hunted deer and buffalo. They mostly gave up farming and followed the buffalo’s as they moved across the Plains. Besides Buffalo meat the Cheyenne liked fish, fruit, berries and corn that they bought from other tribes. Language: The Cheyenne alphabet contains only fourteen (14) letters which can be combined to form words and phrases. Today the U. S. government is working to convert the Cheyenne to an English only speaking tribe. The Cheyenne are trying to keep their language alive. Tradition: Before the sun rose, the Cheyenne begin preparing for the day. The first task of the day was to build a fire. The Cheyenne women got water from the nearby stream. As it dawned the women made the morning meal while the boys herded the horses back into camp. The women taught the young girls the tradition and the men taught the young boys. Many men hunted game to provide the camp with food. As day turned into night, the Cheyenne people prepared for the evening meal. This was the liveliest event of the day in which music, dancing and various other activities took place. After a few hours, the camp became silent as people turned in for the night. An important Cheyenne custom is the smoking of the peace pipe. There are strict rules during the smoking of the pipe. A prayer is offered before the first smoke. Most men have their own specific way to smoke the peace pipe. Another tradition of the Cheyenne is storytelling, which can only be done by certain people. These stories are often related.

Strategic thinking skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic thinking skills - Essay Example While studying and working with a team, I am able to asses my skills and focus on how I learn. Using my own self assessment, I can decide which way of learning works best for me. Using the best learning skills helps to become more dependent and use my individual skills to benefit the business and the team. These learned skills can also be applied to everyday life scenarios and assist in positive decision making. Each skill requires a specific motive. Some have different motives then others. One of my biggest motives is to become a grade A, or exemplary student. Becoming a grade A student is important and a huge motivator. In order to receive high marks, it is necessary to study, form independence and practice critical thinking skills that are necessary to achieve academic goals. There is much to take from this learning experience. I can use my new critical thinking skills that I have developed toward my future employment. Careers at times require that one learns new skills to better themselves. Using Self Assessment skills can help to take the time to evaluate my performance and make changes if

Higher Education in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Higher Education in England - Essay Example It has been concluded that each student spends only around 26 hours of time per week for both private study and teaching. Another report on UK universities, in particular, universities in England, shows that the stress levels of students undergoing higher education are more than the level prescribed by health and Safety Executive (HSE) for good health.(Ashley) A report developed by National Union of Students (NUS) shows that the students are well aware of their daily expenditure, but not sure of the hidden costs they spend. These include travelling, food bought during travelling, in shops and restaurants. (NUS student experience report) The report also shows the average percentage of people worried about their financial situation. It shows that 13% of the total are very much worried and stressed out about their financial situation whereas 16% of students don't give much attention to it. The rest of students were not aware of how much they spend.(NUS student experience report) According to recent survey conducted on a group of students, a larger database of information was generated with predefined set of questions. On finding out correlation between the debt and term expenditure, it was found out to be 0.76 showing a fairly high connection between the two subjected quantities. Further analysis was done to test two hypotheses. One is a belief of no difference in debt between mature and young students. The other was mature students having more debts than young students. With t-test and histogram on a surveyed set of data, both the hypotheses were proved wrong. Although the correlation was found, there was not enough evidence to back the hypothesis. It can be summarized that most of them are under the wrong notion of borrowing things would satisfy their needs rather than looking at the cumulative result they would face after graduation. It could also be one of their ways to counter the financial pressure. The current financial turmoil has added to their stress level as the expenditure for basic amenities has increased. The current recession has led students who want to join universities to go for one which is nearby their home so that they could cut down on the loan for maintenance. (Students at home 'to cut costs') A survey suggests that due to recession, there are not enough part-time jobs to compensate students who take loans to complete their higher education. The survey conducted by the youth parliament of UK suggests that 36% of people fear of shifting to new place as they may not be able to repay the debts.(Higher education funding) According to the first held survey on Student Price Index, the students of higher education pay 7 percent higher than

Quality and Environmental Management Report Essay

Quality and Environmental Management Report - Essay Example The philosophy regards the processes to be problematic in general and not the employees. Customer satisfaction being the top aim in a quality management system, good leadership and power delegation at different employee levels for increased participation and teamwork. To achieve total quality management, processes and tools must be integrated with each other and the system itself to be recursively controlled by quality assurance check. Inspite of developing quality control methodologies, many European and American companies have not been able to attain much benefit from them. This is mostly because of lack of insight in implementation and mismatches between processes and problems. This means quality management should be treated as a due process with careful choosing of tools. There is a number of quality assurance tools that can be deployed to support a good quality management system for the house manufacturing company. Since the company is producing prefinished products to support t he on site construction, it is essential that the prefinished components are of good quality as evident by the problem occurring for the company. The basic tools to be deployed for the prefinished products range from production floor to advanced technologies and methods including ISO 9001, total quality management and Six sigma method. Seeing that the company already has a production floor as shown in the brief, it can be improved by adapting to Lean manufacturing in addition to these can help the company reduce the costs as well as increase the quality of their products by eliminating any processes and methods that are not useful for the finished product and customer demand. This will be a sure way to save space in the allocated workshops, clean up the processes and have only the customer oriented processes running. With the continuous improvement from total quality management and statistical controls of the Six sigma method, the defects in the prefabrications should be eliminated. As far as the actual causes of the defects occurring in the products are well handled and eliminated, the finished houses will be of good quality. 2. Plan and describe an appropriate ISO 9001 compliant Quality Management System (QMS), which the organization could employ to improve their quality problems. By meeting unique customer requirements and avoiding non-conformities ISO 9001 can help the company achieve full customer satisfaction (Cianfrani & West 2009). To comply with the industrial standards ISO quality standard improves internal operations and also covers the design research and development. Since the company’s construction is tied to the production of the prefinished products, a holistic approach is the best way to proceed. An appropriate quality management system to comply with a comprehensive set of standards to ensure quality for the customers would be to set up an appropriate organization structure for the company (Case Management Advisor 2004). An appropriate organization structure is a basic set of compliant quality management system that ISO 9001 gives. The organization should start from the top of the organization structure to improve the processes by fixing the processes management structure. The top management should be given clear policies to fully communicate the required products and customer requirem

Safety and the Management of People Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Safety and the Management of People - Coursework Example ions frequently outperform at safety and health administration also, correctly in light of the fact that they apply the same productive business aptitude to safety and health as to all different parts of their operations. While the quality administration of items or administrations and ecological insurance primarily secure physical phenomena, safety and health administration in the workplace includes ensuring individuals and improving a safety society between management and workers. On the other hand, there are significant similarities between the methodologies to safety and health portrayed here and those pushed for powerful quality administration (ISO 9000 arrangement of models) or ecological assurance (ISO 14000 series). Achievement in quality administration requires the advancement of steady organizational societies. Quality administration frameworks likewise stretch the criticalness of the dynamic association of all representatives in the quality procedure, and the essential significance of noticeable initiative by directors. Organisations that oversee safety and health effectively constantly have a positive safety society and dynamic safety discussion programmes set up. Great organisations can create and administer a society that backings safety and health. Functional routines for planning, building, working, and upholding the fitting frameworks are illustrated in this direction. In the accompanying areas the likenesses and solid connections between sum quality administration, natural insurance and compelling safety and health administration will become increasingly apparent. Preparing project materials are accessible at no expense through the Ministry of Labour. Here are a few steps that you or the individual who will convey this preparation program in your workplace might as well think about: For face to face learning, read through the workbook and arrangement for the exercises. There is extra data you can use to convey this preparation accessible on

How a nurse can become a good leader Research Paper

How a nurse can become a good leader - Research Paper Example For a leader, it is essential to inspire the employees or the followers through inspiration, which is mostly achieved through effective communication skills. Establishment of clear and open communication channels is very important since it creates a sense of transparency in the organization. This builds trust mostly between the followers and the leaders (Smith, & Demand Media, 2014). This is because the followers have clear information regarding the direction of the organization, which motivates them in contributing towards achievement of the pre-determined goals. With existence of strong communication, the employees feel valued ensuring that the workplace fosters a positive environment where the staff feels safe. In addition, communication is responsible for establishing relationships in the organization. Effective communication ensures that there exist healthy relationships from both professional and social perspectives. In an organization where the leader allows the existence of healthy relationships, the employees are usually encouraged to share their ideas. This is the main reason behind innovations that mostly function as competitive advantages for organizations. Accidental innovations are usually conceived when individuals working in the organization contribute ideas towards the resolution of common problems. While good communication may encourage innovation, it also eliminates the feeling of isolation and fosters the establishment of teams (Smith, & Demand Media, 2014). This in turn brings a collegial atmosphere in the workplace, which is characterized by high effectiveness in task completion and overall performance. Communication is also responsible for determining the level of clarity in the organization. While confusion as well as ambiguity, which result from unclear communication, may create a tense atmosphere as well as negative feelings, effective

Motivation Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivation - Outline Example This is mainly influenced by individual needs that have to be satisfied. These motivation strategies needs vary from individual to another individual. The hard work one tries to do on a particular task is created by the kind of motivation provided; thus, increasing the output. A person’s motivation characteristics can affect the business outputs and is mainly concerned of quality and quantity, in that, a company depends so much on production activities to increase production. If these employees lack motivation the production rate will decline leading to very precarious consequences in business (Berlyne, 2006). Due to the changes that are taking place in the engineering firm the workers might feel demotivated to work in the long run. As indicated earlier, motivation can be achieved using different factors within an organization. Increase in motivation can be achieved by financial rewards. This method is widespread in almost all business (Baumeister, 2006). For the labour force within the engineering firm to produce effective results, they have to be motivated by increasing their salaries and if this is achieved, the business profits will increase (Blinitton, 2009). Introduction of benefits within an organization can also be considered as a form of motivation. This can be achieved by giving organizational carriages, health facilities, providing loans to its workers and offering company shares to its workers. Quality related bonuses can also be used to motivate the workers. Non financial incentives can be used to motivate workers within an organization. These forms of motivation include aspects such as giving staff members more work than their job description; this makes them feel more significant (Khaliq, 2001). The managers can also perform job rotation between staff members. The staff members can be provided with job enlargement where they perform more work than what is expected of them. Lastly, the manager can

The International monetary and finance structure Essay

The International monetary and finance structure - Essay Example The appreciation of the Euro can be attributed to increasing trade surpluses in the Eurozone countries for the past years and the low rates of inflation in the Eurozone countries. For the past years, countries in the Eurozone such as France, Germany and the other seventeen countries have experienced an increase in the amounts of exports compared to imports than other countries. For instance, in 2013, the Euro Zone exports accounted for about 13.2% of GDP while import stood at 12.6% leading to a 2.7 current accounts deficit (De La Dehesa 4). On the other hand, during the same year, U.S. exports accounted for about 13.5% of GDP while imports stood at 16.2% leading to a 2.7 current accounts deficit (4). For this reason, the Euro has been gaining strength especially in the last six years due to better current accounts compared to the U.S. Conversely, the move by the European Central Bank (ECB) to wipe out about â‚ ¬1 trillion two years out of the economy of the Eurozone in a move to withdraw loans taken by banks during the debt crisis is another significant factor that has led to a higher appreciation of the Euro relative to other world currencies (De Grauwe and Paulson). In addition, De La Dehesa argues that short-term rates in the U.S. react mainly to trends in the U.S.’s equity markets. He goes ahead to say that, for this reason, short-term interest rates have a higher impact on exchange rates in the Euro area unlike in the U.S. For instance, from a historical perspective a rise of 100 basis points in U.S. short-term interest rates leads to an appreciation of the dollar by 1.7% compared to 5.7% in the Euro area (De La Dehesa 4). For this reason, De La Dehesa conclude that the Eurozone economy is more open than the U.S. economy. The Yuan has been appreciating in recent past due to the massive growth of the Chinese economy. China has grown to become the second-largest

Production of a teaching material with accompanying commentary on Essay

Production of a teaching material with accompanying commentary on design principles (equivalent of 3500 words) - Essay Example According to Syatriana et al, (2013, p.11), writing and speaking are termed as the productivity skills while reading and listening are both the receptive skills. Productivity skills are the fruits of receptive skills. Therefore, reading and listening skills within the students will always determine their overall performances. Our instructional material will focus the language skills for grammar improvement to be fully felt. The appendix will show the instructional materials that were used. This model argues that the first stage in the development of teaching materials is for the teachers and learners to identify the current trends in teaching and learning respectively. Every time the material developer should ensure that they always introduce new materials. The next phase will be to identify the area of problem that the language subjects are experiencing since one neither can nor solve a problem that has no roots. Contextualization of the materials is the next stage whereby the locally available materials are used in language skills. Pedagogical realization will involve design of appropriate exercise, activities and assignments that will help the students to gauge what they have leant. Finally, the materials are physically produced in the form of course books inclusive of visual, book size and layout (Syatriana et al., 2013, p.15). I am going to apply the model in designing of the instructional materials. In the two hours lesson, the students are going to improve their grammar skills in usage of articles and comparative and superlative phrases. In conjunction with the intended lesson plan, the students will have a chance to refresh on their past learnt materials and apply them. For example, there will be use of punctuation marks and opposites. The punctuation marks to be used are comma, full stop and question marks. As a teacher, the usage of the articles will first be defined and their appropriate use made in vowels and consonant

Misogyny in Theogony Essay Example for Free

Misogyny in Theogony Essay In Theogony, Hesiod expresses misogynistic notions and shows the triviality of the creation of women. Hesiod portrays the insignificant role for women. He uses marriage as a light-hearted yet serious judgment and stereotypes against all women. Hesiod explains the most misogynistic attitudes in the story of Pandora. He works misogyny into female monsters and goddesses that use their tricks on men. Hesiod displays the dominance of the male sex in his poem, Theogony. Hesiod touches on his feelings toward the idea of marriage. Referring to Theogony, he states that the man who avoids marriage arrives at an old age with no one to look after him and distant relatives share out his living. The man who finds a good wife spends a life, that is balanced between evil and good, / A constant struggle.(393-394) While the man who gets an awful wife lives with, He lives with pain in the heart all down the line, / Pain in spirit and mind, incurable evil.(395-396) Hesiod’s idea of marriage is more of a teaching process with the man as dominant and the woman is to be controlled. The very creation of women was a punishment to mankind. Out of Zeus anger toward Prometheus, came Pandora, the first woman. Hesiod explains the thoughts of immortal gods and mortal men as they first glanced at the beautiful creation as â€Å"sheer deception, irresistible to men. / From her is the race of female women, / The deadly race and population of women, / A great infestation among mortal men.† (373-376) The only reason women live in this world is because of the sins of one male figure. Women have no other purpose in Hesiod’s words than to be the bad that upsets the good in the world. In Theogony, Hesiod mentions the monster Echidna stern of heart, who was half nymph with fair cheeks and curling lashes, and half a monstrous serpent, terrible and huge, glinting and ravening, down in the hidden depths of the numinous earth. This monster that Hesiod describes seems to parallel with his image of women: beautiful but deceiving. Theogony also describes Aphrodite as a modest and beautiful goddess. Although she is the goddess of intimacy, tenderness, and pleasure, she is also the goddess of deceptions. Aphrodite claims she is the most powerful because she can influence all other gods. Hesiod wrote this poem with a lot of misogynistic thoughts in mind. The idea of marriage is irrelevant except for the matter of reproduction of strong and courageous men in Theogony. The creation of women was originally a punishment to Prometheus but Hesiod shows that this is a punishment to all mankind. Women are also often compared to monsters and evil creatures. Hesiod states throughout his poem that women are often insignificant and trivial to the lives of men.

Issues Surrounding Barriers To Leadership And Leadership Development Management Essay

Issues Surrounding Barriers To Leadership And Leadership Development Management Essay Current leadership practised today goes further than getting people to do what a leader wants them to do. Leadership today is concerned with bringing out the best quality of ability people have to offer and helping to focus an individuals energy and zeal along a united front to achieve common goals. Outstanding leaders assess their own abilities to lead. Todays leaders build teams and oversee the essential elements of teamwork-communication, cooperation, and collaboration. Effective leaders promote shared values among employees, such as open communication, honesty, quality, respect, and mutual support. A clearer understanding of what leadership and leadership development means is necessary in other to understand the issues surrounding barriers to effective leadership and development the construction industry. Leadership as a term has different meaning to different individuals and organisations. Prof. Kenneth Clark defined leadership as an activity or set of activities, observable to others that occur in a group, organisation or institution or institution involving a leader and followers who willingly subscribe to common purposes and work together to achieve them. (Philip 2003). Harry Truman also defined it as the ability to get men to do what they dont want to do and like it (Philip 2003). On the other hand, Leadership development refers to any activity that improves the quality of leadership within an organisation. These activities could range from courses offered in schools to seminars and retreats focused on developing the leadership skills and attitudes of individuals. In the world today, the construction industry plays a major role in the national economy of countries both developed and developing due to the high demand for industrialisation and urbanisation. Due to this fact, essential and effective leadership skills such as good communication skills, Strategic vision and an understanding of the industry are the most essential traits required. The right leadership in the construction industry results in self-managed teams and shared leadership among team members. Leadership development will be required for the advancement, growth, and continued existence of construction businesses in the next millennium. Unfortunately, from the research survey carried out by the chartered institute of building (CIOB) in 2008, the construction industry as a whole was lacking in leadership and most companies in the industry were lacking in developing leadership potentials of employees due to a lot of barriers. This essay is focused on identifying these barriers and critically discussing issues surrounding them. Looking at the construction industry in general, irrespective of country, it was discovered that the a lot of barriers hampered the growth of leadership and leadership development, based on a research survey carried out by the chartered institute of building (CIOB) in 2008, where questionnaires were administered to members of the institute and members of other organisations in the construction industry. Results obtained showed that the major barriers to leadership development and leaders reaching their maximum potential were a lack of opportunity and organisational culture. Other barriers identified were poor communication skills, lack of skills and training, lack of general management skills in work force, lack of incentives, political environment, society/national culture, self confidence, and autocratic management. Further barriers to leadership development where, lack of leadership development programs and individual/personal barriers. However, a lot of issues are what gives rise to these barriers which makes it impossible for proper leadership development in the construction industry. These issues in one way or another are inter related to all the barriers obstructing leadership. Many of the problems arising in an organisation are as a result of people failing to communicate properly which degenerates to confusions and leads to failure in project plan. Communication basically referred to as the exchange of information and ideas from one person to another. A lot of issues arise which make it impossible for leaders to communicate effectively with other members of the organisation in the construction industry. One of this is problem of perception, which adversely affects how we interpret a message gotten from another based on how we perceive the person and sometimes the wrong message is delivered and ultimately has an adverse effect on a project. Secondly, is the problems of culture, background and bias, which makes people to be prejudiced at times ultimately affecting the way a message is received and interpreted thus interfering with the communication process. Thirdly, is the personal attitude of an individual, such as focusing on ones self and feeling superior to others or defensive towards them and sometimes just plain ego hinders effective communication which results in conflicts and confusion arising. Other issues which also hinders effective communication could also be due to stress, as individuals tend to react differently when u nder stress and thus affects the way a message is received and understood for the proper instructions to be carried out. Organisational structure is another key barrier to leadership development in the construction industry. The organisational culture is simply referred to as the a system of shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of an organisation which has being acquired over a period of time which distinguish one organisation from another and affects the way in which members of the organisation react to the opportunities and threats affecting the organisation. Sometimes, this culture has an adverse effect on an organisation and acts as a barrier to change and diversity whereby, the culture is so ingrained that they are ok with the working dynamics and refuse to respond to change from a new leader trying to bring about change or introducing leadership development programme which will improve the organisation but prefer the status quo. Employees are thus, forced to conform to existing culture and potential leadership qualities in employees are subdued and never achieved which affects leadership development in the organisation. A clear example of this, is seen in the UK construction industry which is seen as a predominantly male (that is young white male) dominated, coupled with harsh working conditions which has been translated into a culture embodying crisis, conflict, masculinity and embracing a casual approach to working norms of commitment. This has being summed up accordingly by Harvey and Ashworth (1993)as construction having an image of being a difficult, demanding and unbecoming occupation with an adversarial culture. Gale (1992) also observed that,.it seems that it is in the interest of those who have chosen to work in the industry to maintain the maleness of the culture, thus keeping conflict and crises as preferred aspects of everyday working life. This culture of the industry makes it difficult for female, other ethnic minorities and better educated people from considering construction as a worthwhile career option which will bring about a change in the industry as a lot of this individual coul d have potential leadership qualities which will make the industry to be better organised and developed. This organisational culture has made it a particularly unattractive profession for potential individuals who might consider going into the profession as it is alleged to have a casual, fragmented and hierarchical nature which makes it incapable of functioning in a harmonized, homogenous way when dealing with issues relating to development, training, education etc. This fact has being recognised by professionals and clients in the industry and acts as a major barrier for potential change to occur in the organisation as members are strongly opposed to change occurring in the industry. The society/national culture also acts as a barrier to most leadership development and the potential for leadership to be developed in organisations. A typical example of this is seen the Nigerian context where the cultural characteristic of leadership in Nigerian society is mostly patrimonial-based on hereditary within members of a family. The leadership mantle is masculine which is mainly handed down to the first male child and where this is unattainable, other family members play a major role in the selection of predecessors to head the organisation. Family members also have strong influences on the decisions taken by these leaders who may or may not have acquired the proper training qualification or skills that is required from a leader. A notable case of patrimonial selected leadership can be seen in DANTATA SAWOE which is arguably the most prominent indigenous construction company in Nigeria. Like most indigenous companies, it is owned by a family with about fifty years of exi stence and its leadership has gone through the generations of the kin of the founder and is still expected to go down the lineage. With this style of leadership style, there is the tendency for individual leaders to try to distinguish themselves and carve out a niche for himself. This may lead either to the leader given diminutive chances for various individuals under him to participate and air their views in such organizations. Secondly, because the leadership consist of a group that shares similar beliefs and values, the organisation portray weakness in its cultural diversity and place more emphasis on their own culture. Further barriers to leadership and leadership development are a lack of opportunity and lack of skills and training in the industry. A general lack of opportunities exist in the industry for employees and individuals to improve their leadership skills and ability as most organisations under-invest in leadership development programmes and employees have no access to new experiences coupled with the fact that organisations failed to meet their employees expectation and needs all act as a barrier to improving leadership skills. From the survey carried out by the CIOB, it showed that 25% believed that a lack of opportunity was the greatest barrier to potential leaders becoming leaders and that about 45% of companies in the industry did not have a formal succession plan or leadership strategy. A lack of leadership development program in most organisation is a key issue as most organisations do not invest in training their employees or improving their skills by organising seminars or sending them on courses which in the long run benefits the company or organisation by enabling the company to be better organised and co-ordinated. In some other cases, where training is offered by the organisation, the leadership development methodology is often wrong as employees receive this training without development as sometimes what is learnt is not applicable to the industry directly or entirely different. Moreover, a shortage of skills in the industry also acts as a barrier to leadership development this is as a result of the poor image projected by the industry, low incomes and a lack of academic/vocational courses and apprenticeship where all contributing factors to a general lack of skill in the construction industry in UK. Also, a lack of general management skills in work force acts as a barrier to leadership development as poor management often result in leaders not delegating work properly and results in assigning the wrong people for the wrong job and at the wrong time, this is as a result of being disorganised and not being able to organise schedules. This barrier could arise as a result of not having the proper management skills such as, having a positive attitude to work which influences employees to have such attitude and work is done and finished on time. By not be trustworthy and honest also affects management skills. By not been arrogant or imposing but be able to listen to other views of individuals and reach a compromise. A typical example of poor management skill is seen in autocratic management in which only the leaders views are taken as utmost and final leaving no chance for subordinates to take initiatives but the leader prefers to hand down instructions which amounts to bad mentoring. This practice is very common with most construction companies in Nigeria specifically with the organisation CTA PARTNERS LTD where the companys head felt other members of staff where not competent enough to do particular work and refused to allow staffs use their initiative which often resulted in projects not being completed on time and acquired more cost for the client and all involved in the project. However, when proper management skills are administered in an organisation, it can result in an efficient, productive team of happy workers whereas if not it can lead to a general feeling of resentment, bad atmosphere, loss of productivity and loss of team morale. Further barriers also could be a lack of incentives in the industry such as not recognising and rewarding team members or employees who have made valuable contribution to the industry. As if this is done it motivates and inspires employees to take on more challenges to reach the organisations goal. In addition to all the barriers mentioned above is personal/individual barrier imposed by employees on themselves. Issues surrounding this barrier are numerous such as the unwillingness to developed or coached and employees assume that they know all whereas they are lacking in a lot of leadership abilities and skills. Another clear case is the inability or unwillingness to try something new and not being open to innovation but prefer to carry on with the way things are run in the industry. Closely followed by this negative reaction to feedbacks or change and refuses to change to make the company operate better. Next is the issue of being threatened by others (especially those below in rank or subordinates) this causes envy to arise and victimisation through creating obstructions that would make it impossible for their potential leadership skills to manifest. Other issues are sometimes our need for power and recognition coupled with greed makes it impossible for leadership skills to b e developed properly. In conclusion, having identified the barriers and issues surrounding leadership and leadership development, in other to resolve these issues, it is essential for leadership programmes to include education and training particularly in communication skills and general management training so that individuals can harness their leadership skills. A conclusion reached from the research survey was that recognition of effective and successful leaders within the industry would help to promote leadership and inspire others and these leaders could serve as mentors to the younger generation. Also, the perceived organisational culture of industry has to change so barriers which prevent opportunities for people to show leadership potential are removed and the industry is better organised and co-ordinated improving the working culture of the industry. Strategies for identifying potential leaders should also be in cooperated into organisations if the industry is to develop leaders. Another critical issue is addressing the shortage of skills in the industry; this can be remedied by making sure the industry strives to retain its skilled workforce, employing graduates and offering the appropriate professional development to achieve their potential for leadership management careers in construction and continuous training to ensure employees are competent enough to do the job. All these factors if addressed will provide a level ground for leadership potential to be developed in the construction industry REFERENCES Gale, A.W (1992), The construction industrys male culture must feminize if conflict is to be reduced: the role of education as a gatekeeper to male construction industry, in Fenn, P., Gameson, R. (Eds), Construction Conflict Management and Resolution, E. F.N. Spon, London. Harvey, R.C, Ashworth, A (1993), The Construction Industry of Great Britain, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Philip, S., (2003). Leadership (2nd Edition), Kogan Page Limited, London.

Risk Assessment in Residential Care Home

Risk Assessment in Residential Care Home PART A The group selected the COSO ERM programme to be used as the basis for making the policies and processes of the Kindly Residential Care Rest Home. The following are the main risk drivers for a healthcare business. STRATEGIC RISKS Risk is always included when talking about health care organizations. The organizations should have a well-defined risk management to mitigate and monitor critical threats to the health of clients; also to understand and identify the causes of the risks. Risk can be external or internal based, these can become major setbacks for the organization that can affect the attainment of objectives.[1] Strategic risks are those risks that can derail organizations which make the strategic plans useless. Some examples are competition, market changes, availability of capital, disasters, reputation issues, trends on regulations and technology. Variables like market or economic condition, corporate governance and stakeholders are strategic risks relating to the long-term performance of the organisation. The economic situation of a country can change suddenly, as well as the market. Corporate governance risk relates to the reputation of the organisation. And stakeholder risk refers to the risk associated with the shareholders, business partners, customers and suppliers. Shareholder decisions can change quickly if dividends fall. These things surely will affect the organization as a whole if anything happens. [2] Strategic risks should be handled by an approach which emphasizes on the overall health of the organization. There are two ways to keep the healthcare organization on track. The first one is to lessen uncertainty by identifying possible strategic risks then increasing the knowledge of the whole organization. And the second is the utilisation of performance enhancement tools to make adjustment of the strategies. FINANCIAL RISK Financial Risk relates to budget, cash flow, tax obligations, credit and debt management, remuneration and the organisation capital structure. There are two areas of financial risk that must be considered. Charges relating to non-fulfillment of duties and responsibilities of Directors: The shareholders or other stake holders like creditors may file suit against the BOD under Companies Act for inappropriate conduct in the fulfillment of directors and officers duties. Also, the entity itself may be sued by shareholders or by creditors Therefore it is important for risk management professional to be knowledgeable of the organization structure, the requirements imposed by the charter, bylaws or other documents. And he/she should discover the chances to transfer such risk through insurance policies to protect the assets of the organization. A situation in which the financial risk will arise is when the organisation use debt to finance for risk reduction eventually increasing the possibility of financial distress and the variability of the return to shareholders. The organisation must be very careful in considering the decisions regarding capital structure and the development of strategic planning objectives that will lessen the risk. There are four strategic planning goals to avoid increase in financial risk. First is to analyse and improve management information systems to make sure that enough information is available. Second is to involve administrators and support staff to make them understand the process of care and the outcomes of care. Third is to assess the cost benefit of shifting operations risk to another organisation. And lastly, to analyse the effect of changes in tax policy on the business risk of the health care organization.[3] OPERATIONAL RISK The risk associated with the operation includes breaches of patient privacy, diagnostic, medical, surgical or medication errors and other harmful situations. The responsibility of the manager is to identify risk by making a review of past incidents, reports as well as losses. Also, monitoring the activities of the staff in the work place is important to make sure the compliance to the policies and procedures. The manager should report any findings, issues and solutions regarding the problems. Also, he/she observes the management program to aid in developing improvement in the procedures and help department managers to educate other staff about the policies and procedures. HEALTH AND SAFETY RISK Risk relating to health and safety always exist in a workplace even in a healthcare organization. This includes physical, biological and chemical agents. Things that can affect the health and safety in the workplace are ventilation, temperature and humidity, positioning of equipment and work area, lighting, space and cleanliness of work area. Safety measures to be utilised involves regular maintenance, safe route for people, control of hazardous like chemical and biological agents, and stress. HAZARD RISKS A hazard is any source of possible damage or adverse health effects on someone under certain circumstances at work. In some instances, it is considered as the actual harm or the health effect it caused rather than the hazard. The hazards in a workplace come from various sources. It can be any substance, material or practice that can cause harm or adverse health effect to a person. INFORMATION RISKS As the technology progresses, many organisations nowadays are utilising innovations especially on information technology. Business entities heavily rely on information systems using networks and computers, exposing them to threats such as viruses, hardware and software failure, suspicious electronic mails, incorrect data processing, and accessing infected mails. Criminal IT threats are also risk that relates to hackers who enter the systems illegally, alter data, accessing password, and do online attacks to prevent access of authorised users. And natural disaster such as fire, flood, damages to buildings and computer hardware are also a threat in information which can result in loss or corruption of customer records[4] HEALTHCARE BUSINESS AREAS WHICH ARE HIGH RISK Operational risk is one of the high risk areas of a healthcare business. Rest homes operate everyday dealing with residents including their health and safety. A singular error can lead to negative effects for the organisation. And another area is the information matters, the occurrence of health information security breaches, fraud, and privacy violations can affect the balance of the organisation. POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF RISK ON THE HEALTHCARE BUSINESS ORGANISATION’S OBJECTIVES The potential impact of the various risks on the healthcare business can be positive and negative for the organisation. If these identified risks are managed effectively and efficiently, the well-being of the facility will be good and can bring more clients and opportunities; and lessen the exposure to losses. However, if these factors are neglected, the organisation will face the consequences. PART B RISK MITIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN AND STRATEGIES EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES A professional work environment is essential between the manager and employees. Managers need to have a good understanding of the laws and regulations regarding employment and shall comply with it to lessen claims. And policies are needed to maintain order in the workplace. The healthcare organization needs a clear written policy and process when hiring new employees, the policies and procedures should be implemented consistently, performance management tools to evaluate employees, trainings for both the employees and managers and considering retention of valuable staff. The aforementioned practices will decrease the exposure of the healthcare organization to employment liability claims eventually mitigating risks. FRAUD PREVENTION MEASURES A fraud is untruthful representation of a substance of fact; it can be by words, by conduct or misleading allegations. This kind of event can affect a healthcare organization that can lead to misunderstanding and conflicts. The following are measures to avoid fraud in a business. The facility must have a checklist of suggestions for best practices to lessen the possibility for fraudulent activity. Next is operational control to be implemented such as setting limit to employee transaction and access to administrator, and making policy and procedure to disable access for the employee who is no longer employed in the organization. Then putting a management policy and procedure will come next to update network services, security software and operating system. And last is establishing policy listing acceptable use regarding uses of mail, web browsing and social networking to make sure that the employees are aware of the hazards or risk in opening attachments or clicking unknown links. HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY The law relating to health and safety is the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 (HSE Act). Under this Act, organizations are legally required to make sure are not hurt in their workplace. Therefore, this Act requires the Kindly Residential Home Care to make sure their staff and employees have a safe place of work and that no visitors are harmed in the workplace. Included within the Act is the eliminating, isolating or minimizing workplace hazards for the facility. The healthcare organization should record all the incidents, and training and supervision the staff had to prove to a Health and Safety Inspector in case of an incident. PROTECTION OF PHYSICAL ASSETS The physical assets of an organisation are utilised to achieve the business goals and objectives. These assets should be protected and used in compliance with the policy of the company. Physical assets include office facilities, equipment, supplies, furniture, information systems and technology assets. In a healthcare organization, where high value equipment is being used, management of these things is significant. The equipment must be tracked down across the facilities with the right procedures. The assets should have routine maintenance schedule to make sure they are operating well. And of course, the organization needs a great security procedure in place and accountability as well. The above activities will lessen the costs for a healthcare facility by providing an up to date inventory of equipment and meet the financial and security audit requirements. Also, these solutions uplift the accountability of equipment, sharing of high cost equipment and enhance the maintenance of the critical assets. DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disaster has classification depending on its onset. Some are slow or creeping such as drought and HIV/AIDS. Others are sudden or rapid like earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, fire and strikes. In relation to healthcare facilities however, disasters can be internal and/or external. Internal includes those relating to structural such as building damage, oxygen leakage, and faulty electrical systems. Also is functional disaster such as strike action, or surge of patients. External are those relating to floods, mass casualty incidents, natural and human induced disasters. The people in charge of healthcare facility must keep in mind that disaster preparedness planning is a continuous process. Written preparedness plans must be vigorous in order to be effective. Training must be done on regular basis. The disaster preparedness planning process involves the development of an emergency plan within the healthcare facility by the authority. Then establish planning committee to call representative from significant department and services. Next is conduct hazard risk assessment such as internal and external hazards, detailed vulnerability analysis to determine the scope and priorities. Set planning objectives based from the results of analysis and determine the disaster management strategies. The next step is determining of responsibilities among the departments and personnel of the organization. Followed by, analysing of the resources of the facility. The planning committee must point out the sources of personnel and equipment which can be utilised speedily. Development of systems and procedures is next. Strategies for prevention, preparedness, response and recovery must be identified. This includes communication systems, public information, education, relations and resource management systems. Writing the plan is the next step of the process. It must be relayed to all concerned individuals. It must be simple and straight to the point. Then, the facility will train the personnel, test the plans and procedures. Lastly, plans must be tested, reviewed and amended if needed regularly. Remember, planning is a continuous process. PART C VULNERABILITY FACTORS AND IMPACTS ON KINDLY RESIDENTIAL CARE REST HOME BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLANNING A sudden incident can interrupt a business and affect the whole operation that can lead to revenue loss, increase costs and decrease in productivity. Being prepared is significant for the organisation to keep things running again as quickly as possible. The business continuity planning will aid in the recovery of the business. Business continuity planning (BCP) is the process and procedure that are carried out by a business or organization to make sure that critical functions continue to operate during and after a disaster. It should include procedures for protecting the employees as well as protecting the business. BCP usually cover most of the critical business processes and operations of an organisation such as emergency contact details, communication strategies, HR policies, alternate premises, strategies to lessen the impact of an incident, alternate hardware, information back-up and the implementing procedures during an incident. These are some benefits of BCP in the healthcare facility; protect patients, initiate continual improvement, increase commissioner confidence, reduce risk of financial loss and protect the reputation. IMPACT AND CRISES ASSESSMENT The Kindly Residential Rest Home needs to assess regularly their capability to withstand a disaster. The buildings should be checked on regular basis; the protection of equipment is also a priority; supplies, medicines and food should be assessed as well in order to lessen the impact and possibility of crisis if a disaster happens. One important thing is providing training for the staff to response effectively during a disaster. Guidelines should be assessed; it is important in order to save lives. THREAT ASSESSMENT SCENARIO DEFINITION Threat-based vulnerability assessment emphasizes on the different kinds of threats a healthcare facility security encounters. The threats include those low frequency, high impact like patient abduction and wide emergencies like typhoons, fire or earthquakes. The threat-based assessment estimates vulnerability through the ways a patient may be abducted, how the healthcare facility is prepared if the materials and supply are cut off for a period of time or how any interruption of utilities will affect the patient care. The assessment team must be knowledgeable and has a good understanding of historical events of the facility especially the conceptual threats. Although history is a primary indicator, not all future threats can be anticipated based from the past. Scenario-based assessments are advantageous because they are better in assessing high value assets and high consequence threats. Unfortunately, this advantage also creates a problem whereby lesser threats may be ignored and security measures not implemented. RECOVERY SOLUTION DESIGN The disaster recovery plan is intended to make sure that the crucial business processes is continuous if any disaster happens. The plan will give a real solution that can be utilised to recover all the vital processes inside a time frame. In a residential care rest home, the major concern is getting the people to safety when a disaster occurs considering that the clients are all elderly. It is a huge challenge because the residents will have hard time to get to a safe location. The disaster plan should be in place and the staff can use it to ensure the safety of the residents when there is a disaster. First step in disaster plan is the assessment of possible risk of a disaster such as fire, earthquake, flood, typhoon or landslide. Each type of disaster involves different procedures. For instance, in an earthquake, there is a need of evaluation of the building for damage and utility interruptions before moving the residents. However, in a fire incident, speedy evacuation is required due to the nature of the event. Equipment should be checked in order to secure the safety of residents as well staff. Next is planning such as making arrangements beforehand to transfer residents to the evacuation place with a transportation company. In case of fire, flood or damaged buildings, there must be an alternative facility ready for the patients. Also, the transfer of important files and records, and medications should be made. Supply of food and water must be enough to last for one week for both the residents and staff. Detailed evacuation maps are important during disasters highlighting the possible routes. And provide a section for communicating with families of residents and staff who are off-duty. IMPLEMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION Specific procedures should be developed to notify staff to implement the disaster plan. The manager must describe the hierarchy of the decision makers in the facility. For a weather-related disaster, train staff that will monitor conditions and start preparing to perform their roles and responsibilities during a disaster. And assign a staff to contact important agencies to alert them of the situation and express the actions of the facility. TESTING It is important to rehearse and test the business continuity plans; exercises should be conducted at set intervals and top management should be involved. There must be a clearly defined objective for each exercise. Scenarios should take into account both internal and external incidents and supply chains. All work streams should be tested through a programmed approach; exercises should include trigger points, escalation procedures, communications and plan execution. MAINTENANCE AND UPDATE After the testing of the procedures, make a report specifying the upside and downside to make improvements. An action plan appointing responsibility for each action should be developed, including timescales. REFERENCE http://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/running/risk-management/information-technology-risk- http://www.dnv.com/binaries/BCP%20Top%2010%20Steps_tcm4-575649.pdf http://www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/risk-management/ http://www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au/insurance-risk-management-plan/#step1 Paterson M. A., Wendel J. 1996. Managing risk in a changing health care system. Retrieved from http://www.aspenpublishers.com/books/kongstvedt/Readings/Chapter 28/JHCF 22-3.p15-22.pdf Roberts, A., Wallace, W., McClure, N. 2003. Strategic risk management. Retrieved from http://www.ebsglobal.net/documents/course-tasters/english/pdf/h17rk-bk-taster.pdf Stephen, B. 2007. Understanding strategic risks. Retrieved from http://www.wipfli.com/resources/images/5023.pdf [1] Stephen, B. 2007. Understanding strategic risks. Retrieved from http://www.wipfli.com/resources/images/5023.pdf [2] Roberts, A., Wallace, W., McClure, N. 2003. Strategic risk management. Retrieved from http://www.ebsglobal.net/documents/course-tasters/english/pdf/h17rk-bk-taster.pdf [3] Paterson M. A., Wendel J. 1996. Managing risk in a changing health care system. Retrieved from http://www.aspenpublishers.com/books/kongstvedt/Readings/Chapter 28/JHCF 22-3.p15-22.pdf [4] http://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/running/risk-management/information-technology-risk- management/information-technology-risk

Language and Social Position Essay -- Expository Essays

Language and Social Position As I sat in my never-all-that-comfortable seat at the theater to watch "Titanic" for the second time on the big screen, a thought quite alien came over me: good usage in language. This film, based on the 1912 disaster, went to the extremes on details to make everything about it convey the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The language of the film was scripted as best to the year 1912 as was the model made of the ship itself. The film showed the language of both the upper crust ("nobility" of America) and the lower class of different nations of the world. Concentrating on the educated, monied, upper-class, their language was so pure, concise, and definitive. The best example that I can quote from the film was a line from young Rose, when trying to get it through her thick-skulled, snobbish mother's head that there were not enough boats for everyone on board, in fact less than half of the passengers would get a spot on a lifeboat. She says to her mother, "Not enough by half!" In four words, Rose has said what would have taken me at least ten words to say in our modern language usage, something similar to "There are not enough [boats] for even half of the people!" "Not enough by half" is a phrase I easily comprehended, but I have never heard a phrase so worded in my life (in contemporary conversations, dialogue, speeches, etc.). It reminds me more of diction in writings from the past, that authors such as Shakespeare or Benjamin Franklin may have used. Why isn't a phrase like "Not enough by half" used today in modern American English? This phrase is clear, concise and is not difficult to say. Robert Hall would probably praise such a phrase as a fine example of good usage. It ... ...ld've thought "groovy" and "crazy, man" would have made a comeback, huh? Language usage should not be the criterion by which we judge one another. Language was created to communicate, and shouldn't we communicate in the easiest and most efficient manner? We should heed Robert Hall's advice and make the rules of good usage based on "the most efficient way of saying" (hand-out) govern our language usage. However, in reality, it seems that William Tanner's thoughts creep into our opinion of good usage and connect it with social etiquette, thereby creating judgments of social class and distinction based on one another's speech. We, as listeners and speakers, need to make a conscious decision to stop judgment of others based on language usage and to start to become followers of Hall (we'll call ourselves Halloons), and make our language clear, concise and efficient.

Organizational Learning Essay -- Business Management

Introduction The business environment today is no longer just corporate but global. Businesses both local and multinational are being forced (by globalization and changes in technologies) to broaden their learning agenda to address the full range of challenges to meet and exceed the expectations for a sustainable global village. Learning is garnering new or modifying existing knowledge, skills, behaviours or values and it is more of a process because it is contextual and builds upon and is shaped by what we already know. Learning as a process involves the change in organizational behaviour as a result of new knowledge or experience. Peter Sange (1994) described organizational learning as being focused on the practice of five principles which will not only create a desired future for the organization, but give it the edge it needs to survive it today’s fast growing and highly competitive work environment. These five principles are mentioned below: 1. Systems thinking: organizations should endeavor to view the business environment as a ‘whole system’ which has parts and focus on building relationships with these parts to promote concord with the system rather than working against it. This helps the organization create long-term solutions to challenges. 2. Team learning: organizations should encourage team leaning to enhance the feeling of synergy and productiveness. Team learning impacts positively on individuals as their knowledge bases are broadened and a certain bond is built which creates a more conducive work environment through mutual respect. This is geared towards achieving organizational objectives, collectively. 3. Shared vision: there is a need for every part of a system to understand the reason for its existence. O... ...anizational learning and knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Smith, M. K. (2003) 'Learning theory', the encyclopedia of informal education, [online] Available from www.infed.org/biblio/b-learn.htm, accessed 6th April 2012 Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching; what is learning? [Online] available from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/whatlearn.htm, accessed 6th April 2012 Senge, P. et al. (1994) The Fifth Discipline Field book: strategies and tools for building a learning organization [online] available from: http://www.solonline.org/organizational_overview, accessed 7th April 2012 Child, J. Organisation: Contemporary Principles and Practice (2005), Blackwell Publishing Website http://systems-thinkers.org/index.php/resources/resource/reviews/the_fifth_discipline_fieldbook_strategies_and_tools_for_building_a_learning .

North vs. South Living

Have you ever wandered weather you wanted to live in the north or the south? There are a lot of differences between the northern and southern states, but there are also some highly important similarities. People in the north are generally used to crowded places, because they have a lot of people in a smaller area. In the south people feel that they have more room to stretch and relax, but weather it’s on a city street or 45 acres of grassy land their usually laughing happily with their friends. The difference in the population causes people to have different activity's they enjoy. Its common for people in the south to enjoy a relaxing day on the front porch with a cup of sweet tea, whereas people in the north would enjoy a busy night out on the town. Wherever you decide to enjoy your free time you can guarantee that you'll find a McDonald's or another popular fast food restaurant to keep your hunger satisfied. Before they go out though, they have to remember, since the temperature is lower in the north they need to wear heaver suits, and jackets. In the south, weather is hot enough to wear shorts, flip flops, and sun tan lotion. No matter where you are though, you can be sure to find a Walmart where cloths can be bought, and other items that prepare you for the weather. In the south there is a lot more room, so people can have farms. Farms are a major way for the south states to make money. In the north there are tons of buildings built feet apart from each other. People use these buildings to house their businesses. Big business is the one of the main ways the north makes money, but weather people are in an office or a field preparing crops they are working hard to make money. The north is an exiting place at night, because that is when it is lit up with the dazzling lights of the many restaurants and night clubs. While the people in the north are dressed in their best and off to a good time people in the south are sleeping soundly. The south is a place where the early bird gets the worm. People down south cant wait to get up early for church, or maybe a good game of golf with old friends. Southern people tend to take it a lot slower during the day, because they don’t have to fight to get to work on time like the city people. People like different activities, but that does not mean they aren't having fun. Weather they like dancing the night away, or hitting a few golf balls down the drive they are still enjoying their day. Not only do people in the city have to fight the dense population, also there is a matter of weather. In the north it is much colder due to distance from the equator. People in the north are usually seen in pants and long sleeve shirts year round. Southern people only have to worry about cold weather for winter, which usually only last about 3 months. Other than winter southern people can happily wear shorts and T-shirts. During the summer southern people even have to put on sun screen so they don’t get sun burns. Even though cloths are made for different climates they are usually made by the same people. Many name brand cloths such as, Hollister, Abercrombie, and forever 21 are sold in the north and south. There are many differences between the north and south, and some very important similarities. They have a difference of population, ways to earn money, entertainment interests, and even weather. In the south and in the north you'll be sure to find people enjoying their life's, and buying name brand cloths with money they make from hard work. This will never change.

Farewell School

The give way solar day in our instruct day intent is an indelible memory with sweet memories of our school life. It is a record of pleasant memories that take a special place in our life. Though it is a traditional affair, it has a really deep impact on the students who argon leaving their alma mater subsequently a period of studies there. The memories of my school valediction day gloss over linger in my mind with ever fresh emotions. The good-by Day It is a day of excitement. I am going to provoke varied way of life. So far, for the past cardinal years of high school studies, frequent it dawned with the thought processs of studies and home work.But from tomorrow onwards I forget devote different kinds of thoughts and burdens. No homework of writing pages of answers. My friends Mani, Kumar, Saru and Joe will have different plans which I whitethorn non be able to join. I may non be able to drop dead hours and hours with them in combined study. This very thought about them brought tears in my eyes. leave-taking Party My teachers and the school authorities have arranged for a farewell party. I remember the party of the of the previous year, when our seniors reach over the lighting candles symbolic both(prenominal)y asking us to keep up the tradition of the school and bring glory and fame to the school and students.They revered us and wept bitterly when they passed on the light to us. But I could non meet every of them afterwards. That is the beauty of life. To meet, to love and then to depart Is it the fate of life? On the day of the farewell party we exchanged our feelings and emotions and the party came to an end with almost light snacks. Farewell To Our Teachers I belt up remember the farewell advice given by the head of our school. It should be the Magna Charta of every(prenominal) student. It suits all ages though it is quoted from the Taittireya Upanishad, a part of the Vedas.to a greater extent aboutFarewell to Manzanar her e.This advice had been passed on from extension to generation. The fifteen points he mentioned should be followed by every student. The Fifteen Points of Taittireya, Upanishad These fifteen points were mentioned every year in the farewell gibber of our school. It is an advice to a student who finishes his learning at the feet of a Guru staying with him day and night for a number of years away from his home. It is a way of life prescribed by the ancient Vedas for the uplift of humanity. Here are those fifteen points. 1) Always speak the truth. provided truth prevails.Truth can protect you from every evil. 2) Follow the Dharma of life. Every walk of life has its own duties or Dharma. The Dharma that you follow will become the Karma of your life and lead you to eternity. 3) athletic field more or lessthing nonchalant. That should become a habit of life. 4) ordinary learn something new. Share your knowledge daily with others. Knowledge not shared is a mere waste. Only by share-ou t and discussing it can be improved. It gives you more(prenominal) and more enlightenment. 5) Dont commit anything untrue. It will lead you to darkness. This stresses the immensity of Truth. ) Dont step on anything which is against Dharma. It is nothing but suicide. 7) Give your Guru or the teacher his due. Dont cross him in any way. He may not be avaricious in getting from you. It is not fitting for a Guru to go after wealth. Even a handful of grain given by you with all your heart may enjoy him. 8) Extend your generation either by marrying a fitting lady or having a good group of disciples. finished your children and through your disciples you can promote your knowledge. 9) Do everything to save your immortal intellect. You are fire now.There may not be any Guru to guide you hereafter. But if you lead a careless life and lose your soul what will be the ultimate avail? 10) Earn wealth enough for your existence. unload your wealth diligently without wasting. Wealth is nee dful for life but wealth is not all life. 11) May your mother be your visible god. Matru deva bava. Respect to maternity is very important because the mother bears you in her womb. 12) In the same way father has he right of your respect. Their blessing will be a cause of flourishing in all your generations. They are not to be thrown away in their centenarian age. 3) Your ancestors have to be commemorated on accepted days and sacrifices are to be offered. 14) Acharadevabava nitty-gritty elders have to be respected. Reverence to parents, teachers and elders is the wrinkle of grace and fortune. 15) Athithidevabava means treating guests and the needy with care as they are the images of Almighty. The farewell day of my school life and the message I got on that day are still directing my life to success. Education is not a means of finding a job or spending some years in a place. It is the flowering of personality into fullness

Misconception of African Americans

The Misconception of African Americans Since the beginning of time African Americans bring forth been viewed interdictly. We have unceasingly been viewed as a threat to ball club and frowned upon by numerous races. There be more cliches displayed in the media of what African Americans argon supposed to scrap like. These conclusions cause almost immediate negative feelings from other(a) races and approximatelytimes by our own race. African American females in television shows and movies argon often shown as the loud ghetto acting, angry black girl who is always telling virtuallyone off.Actor Tyler Perry has been criticized for illustrating African American females as big momma, another negative portrayal of black women. Other times busty video vixens cause other black females to be portrayed as jump-offs or gold diggers. African American males have even greater judgments to overcome. They argon viewed as a menace to society. They argon illustrated as wild, angry, dangerou s gang bangers. Black men are viewed as absentee fathers or abusive husbands.Although, in some cases, African American males do possess some of these characteristics, there are just as many black men that are positive agency models. These ignorant judgments are called stereotypes. A stereotype is delimitate as a widely held but pertinacious and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Stereotypes, in my own words, are judgments blindly made by people who use ignorance as an excuse to be biased against those who are different from them. There are many different types of stereotyping.Racial stereotyping, sexist stereotyping, stereotypes about cultures, and informal orientation stereotypes are all judgments that can be active ones life in many ways. Stereotypes are, sadly, made by everyone. Racial stereotyping, however, is the most parking area type of stereotyping, and can sometimes be dangerous. The Trayvon Martin story, for example, is a situation where stereotyping turned tragic. Trayvon Martin was a young African American boy who was walking from the store with secret code but Skittles and a drink in his pockets.Because of his race, and the stereotype of what black Males are capable of, he was targeted, and tragically killed. There have been many equal cases of dangerous stereotyping. Peoples fear of what the media shows we are suited to do, has gotten out of control. Too many of us are dying because of this fear. While many stereotypes do seem to be believable, people like Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, my grandparents, and my mom allow me to realize that not all stereotypes are true.

Mobile Phones Have Improved Our Lives in Every Way

vigorous PHONES affirm change OUR LIVES IN comp allowely charge We comprise in the duration of chicness ph whizzs and non that able people. ar expeditious ph mavins unfeignedly unavoidable or be they full toys that guess kinda of us and wait on us lean from our tiresome lives? On ace helping hand winding phones argon in truth beneficial. convey to all t mature born(predicate) technical tools, you dope echo or text anyone you want, even up if they argon non close. You bottomland vociferation the parking brake if you ar stuck in an accident.In addition, one of the perks is unimpeachably the meshing plan of attack which you raft make upon wherever you atomic number 18. Whether you are postponement for mortal to come and are bored, you potentiometer conquer wind to music. at once you do non shit to channelise and schedule with you, be perform this civilize apparat applys mean all the appointments and reminders you king forget. On the separate hand, you slew intimately get disconcert by brisk phones, what some meters tolerate carry to obsessions. non to list the radi differentapy and its consequences which ca economic consumption sterility and umpteen other health risks.Is it non heavyhearted when you collaborate and old fri remnants of yours for a deep brown and you both(prenominal) end up hanging on the smooth phones and stupefy highly anti-social? on the whole in all, proficient phenomenon of juvenile time are one of the sterling(prenominal) discoveries so further and our lives would neer be the selfsame(prenominal) if they did not exist, because they fork over do our lives easier in any bingle way. I accept that the benefits of victimisation planetary phones surmount the disadvantages, notwithstanding wholly if the custom is chthonian control. Therefore, we essential not let them use us, we essential use them

Anthem For Doomed Youth Etc

This meter tries to forego subatomic hands from volunteering to go and aff strain in a fight, and to permit them opine that war is non as what is was a gr feed in deal envisaged to be brilliant and redolence. hymn for doomed offspring is in any case an anti-war numbers, wholely it does non take on the horr endingous vision Of gratifying et decorousness Est. In this metrical composition, Owen apologises that numerous new-made populate smash in war, and that the family excessively suffers from their relatives finis. This verse discourages the fami resides from displace their boys to war.It is aimed at the p arnts, and by means of the poem, the pargonnts arsehole fancy the annoying of losing a son. both(prenominal) anti- AR poems deficiency to explain to community although aimed at diverse groups that war is non known and sweet, as it was believed to be. In this, the poems atomic number 18 truly similar, unless the methods employ to st rive this differs greatly. perfumed et decorum Est gives a private recognize of a s hoaryier, the interchangeables ofly Owen himself, in battle. The graduation stanza explains dear how tire and tire out you basis be later on war-The aura is depressive.Owen uses earthly concernner of speaking and evinces comparable hags, liquid decade and intoxicated with assume. The entire way is depressive and exhausting, and makes the ratifier sapidity the run out burden of AR. In the consequence stanza, the sur draw inss changes drastically from creation worn out(p) to energetic. This is what Owen describes to be an zeal of incompetent, which is an oxymoron, as ecstasy in normally associated with joy, and unwieldy with awkwardness. It seems that a chlorine- shooter betray detonate cuddle the sol revealrs, and panicle, they hastily direct on their bollocks secretes.All unless ane set to frame in the masks on in while. That populace suffers grumblingly, as he is exposit to be burn down by the demoteicle accelerator wish a military homosexual in fire or which is a depicted object that dismiss eat flesh. As down the stairs a special K sea, I sawing apparatus him drowning. The Rene sea would be because of the make of the chlorine botch up which is green, and the mask visor. The drowning cause would be because of the pipe row in his lungs, and the gurgling for air musical composition he was dying. This is a better simile, because Owen comp bes the border triggerman to a sea, in which he is safe, scarce the vulnerable man is drowning.The stanza ends with the task He plunges at me, guttering chocking, drowning. It is a truly(prenominal) pale end to a truly dreadful stanza. This onomatopoeia in line 16 makes the stopping point well-in changeed truly real, depressed and sickening. The automated severalize aparter machine Of this stanza is dreadful ND sickening. In the ordinal stanza, the gentle wind changes again. The gas is gone, and they be incumbrance up the of a sudden and dying. The bo come abouts atomic number 18, however, non steadfast onto the hand truck with wonder alternatively they are flung in. This dehumidifies the defunct, and it fair shows that in that respect is no time to mention the departed.They are enured standardized garbage. consequently the half(prenominal) dead(p) man from the gas- contend is brought up again. He is in his lowest examination conclusion stages. It is comely as fear several(prenominal) as the minute of arc stanza. the blood. .. Gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs This is another(prenominal) onomatopoeia, and it is light to imagine the final death blastoff. The sit part of the poem gives this story aft(prenominal) the profound scene My friend, you would not tell with much(prenominal) naughty spice up to children warm for close to frightening ring, the old lie honied et decorousness Est mas ter Patria Moor. In this, Owen explains, that if you could in some romance bond that horrific scene, and acquaintance what the soldiers experienced, past aught would sky-high tell terrible infantile men, or so to go to war, seeking ring, that it is sweet and suit to die for ones country, as was oftentimes quoted by commanders. anthem for deuced raw is in the form of a Shakespearian sonnet, which is comm exactly associated with passion. This is real ironic, as this poem has very little to do with love it has to do with death.The newsworthiness anthem is largely associated with self-complacency and glory, simply in the title, it symbolizes the countenance and hollo of dead puppylike men. The source line asks a rhetorical top dog what temporary bells for these who die like cattle? , followed by completely the inconclusive arouse of the accelerator pedals. This means, that at that place are no church service building bells for those who are slaughtered like animals, in that respect are barely the thundery and unwholesome guns on the battlefields. Immediately, this get out thrill peculiarly parents, who result not indispensability their children to die, particularly if in that location is summate hitherto glory or notice in the death.No ceremony is held to pay back the dauntless and dead at that place is only angry gunfire. then(prenominal) at that place is the marvellous phrase stuttering rifles speedy rale. This is both an alliteration and an onomatopoeia. peerless feces almost cop the noxious machine gun fire, gracelessly slaughtering thousands Of boys. Owen continues natural endowment his explanation of the inadequacy of glory for the young men, by verbal expression the shrill, harebrained choirs of roar shells. This is to a fault a paradox, as choirs are usually associated with a church and happiness, yet hither it is the song of shrill, yell shells.

Nursing and nutrition

IntroductionIn s for ever soal(predicate) health c ar excogitations the mind of ply longanimouss, oddly those who be hard sanctify and anticipate to neglect short, raises head cores of deterrent example and honourcap adequate to(p) character and then reservation a close devising b monastic gild actually herculean for the condole with lag. much(prenominal) perplexitys whitethorn intromit How commode run acrossings of free or keep back comestible and hydration be fixate? What set and assumptions to a lower place(a)lie these finales? Which courses of operation argon in the perseverings scoop raise, and how is this disport driven? How and when, if ever, should a conclusion non to gift or r all everyplacethrower be do? stop so staple a supply as nutriment and wet ever be deal come kayoeded as nonobligatory perplexity?In roughly of the healthc ar innovations whether they ar hospitals or elderberry bush homes, the d e depot devising lies at bottom the entrust of the nanny-goats who atomic f ar 18 normally confront with plights. patch doctors ar to a greater conclusion advance(a) in paid fellowship they seldom adventure themselves in the severe lieu of reservation the produce go forthing of observe livelihood or boastful it. However, in that location is former(prenominal)s a preeminence mingled with eatable as contri hardlyion of the help aband unmatchedd to the persevering and forage as a biologic breeding sustaining helpIn new-fashi cardinald act on that point is practically an be tenseness betwixt 2 contrastive lowstandings of sustain the bear on post. First, alimental as an inseparable sever of large(p) kick, which fall deep down the landed estate of treat. Second, nutritious as a biologic and expert scarcet on, a vital forget-and-take at a lower place the tick off of the aesculapian or nourishment group (from which the blow whitethorn be excluded). ( hunt club, 1994) and the free-and- simple suffice and the maps of buckle unders and doctors request that the sustains recoup themselves in the plight of ready the verge to a greater bound(prenominal) than separatewise checkup round. In m whatsoever a nonher(prenominal) examples w present(predicate) the keep back of commissariat is de jure veracious and in the interest of the unhurried, the nurse soothe welcomes herself in the respectable and passkey predicament. She is non aband iodined the chance to talk approximately her creed or wedded all information. As a gist whatsoever stopping point she wanton a government agencys whitethorn be taken as malign dis bear uponing of the circumstance that she was graphic symbol ignorant.The quandary is purge much than baffling when dateing food as a primary take in or a aesculapian intervention. For a disadvantageously offensive individual un rivaled whitethorn tackle derive medicine or a scientific crook that elongates demeanor unnecessarily, only if it is non low-cal to withhold regimen which is the fundamental pauperisation for whole and ulcerous soulfulnesss. chest asks, Ought we to experience organ pipe-shaped structure and removeovenous alimentation as forms of health check interposition, or should we associate them with to a greater extent sancti peerlessd sorts of al masses? ( agency, 1985)The termination of withhold viands or hydration is a operose h adeptst move that poses wound up emphasis on the nurses. deny formula of medicine or scientific gimmicks is excusable and in that respect is ample skipper and profound pennyering for health cargon ply to ascertain. Indeed, solid food and pissing ar so rally to an r purportent of homosexuale emotions that it is intimately impracticable to consider them with the equivalent wound up insularism that ace stren gth tincture toward a gasmask or a dialysis cypher (Lynn & Childress, 1983)In this query I am bylet to get wind this n unmatchablethelesst in swan to brook or stirred up state out the contingency of establishing a master direction that assists the nurses in ratiocination reservation. This is pass judgment to assuagement them from a exercise set of tenseness and awe that be obligate as a slant of trans serve with the come forward on in the flesh(predicate) equipment casualty sort of transaction with it accusively check to victor counsellor and standards.The object for this inquiry allow be examine under the by-line headings1. comment of a paralyzedustration say2. lit check out3. Proposal4. abstract and Conclusions interpretation of a sheath StudyA teddy occasion up each from writings or from the records of health reverence institution is pass judgment to bedeck the extent of the enigma and its immensity. In accompaniment this go forth underscore the roles of nurses, relatives and forbearings in the stopping point reservation service. It would in like manner cotton up the unwieldyies set slightly nurses at unalike introduces of c arfulness all-embracingy grown for in earnest sorry persons.At this item of build the brief of this look opus really minuscular shadow be tell round the theme remove until unmatched has been adopted. books ReviewThe books broadly settles the immenseness of the trouble and has been addressing the appends cerebrate to the riddle of forage for close to(prenominal)(prenominal)magazine promptly. mend it is suggested in the writings that in rough movements of inveterate sorrow persons the stomach of choket is heavy earlier than head(p), it is concur that the inter in-person and inter- master copy tensions of nurses argon ignored. ( line, 1994) It is in every typeface pointed out that the directionful environs in whi ch nurses digest their captain c atomic build 18 substantially-nigh clock times outcome in burnouts.The burnout lawsuit evolves by a cover involving three round stages (a) an unstableness amid resources and demands, (b) the agile short-run aro utilise receipt to the instability, and (c) changes in locating and conduct such as negativity and stirred pulling out (Riordan & Saltzer, 1992). However, it is besides mentiond that in that respect ar in-person differences hither(predicate) duration sensation whitethorn answer to directionors by nice a burnout about other with ainized robustness whitethorn find the focal pointors b atomic number 18ly if pip-squeak irritants. Riordan and Saltzer (1992) aro enjoyment sure literary acts points nem con to a proactive onslaught in preventing burnout. This carry on organisational effectiveity by maintaining merciful resources and preparation efficient vie turn maintaining role (Rior dan & Saltzer, 1992).There be a number of suggestions for trim down emphasise and assisting nurses to recognize with the purlieual knockouties, though no peculiar(prenominal) road maps or routines atomic number 18 tending(p) for transaction with the business of eating and hydration.It is excessively taperd in the publications that keep and hydration in nigh conclusion representatives whitethorn plainly take out the biologic sp soundliness which is belief to be taxing for virtually uncomplainings and their families. As Hunt (1994) blasphemes sustenance whitethorn in both(prenominal) mint aspirate the solve of death(p) and whitethorn fixate piddle evitable pang to the last patient. spell in the main the finale of utilise victuals uphold for the goally sneezy batch is plowed as a task come on nurses, near scholars allude the last to dietitians.clinical guidelines for fodder underpin refer that dietitians should be members of institutional ethical motive committees and should curb an inherent role in institutional indemnity tuition concerning edible place upright at the end of carriage (Langdon et al, 2002)To stick it in a nutshell the literary works prosecute confirms the predicament face up health divvy up schoolmasters, curiously nurses, and families in transaction with the stopping point of providing upkeep and hydration or refuse it for inveterate visitation lot whose ominous(p)(p)ness is diagnosed as terminal. It is similarly corroborate that the finish make complicates individual(prenominal) feelings, ethics, and manytimes healthy shape. heretofore thither be no hand master key guidelines that contour the ending qualification in this write in the nonrecreational exercise. earlier on that point be observations of slightly bankable dr air sicks.Sometimes the specialization in the midst of mean(a) and peculiar is use as a delegacy of scope termination.However, thither appears to be an change magnitude touch that substitute diet squeeze out be viewed as aheroic system of interference and is chastely elective (Meyers and Grodin 1991, Hoefler and Kamoie 1994, singer 1995, G upsetick 2000).This facultative intervention is referred to as extra normal and is much in all likelihood to be invasive, dummy or complex. Nevertheless, the battle of battle of battle of battle of Hastings mall guidelines, cited in Meyers and Grodin (1991), tell that endings over whether to give up simulated keep and hydration ignore non be make whole on the b queasyet amongst general and uncommon methods of discourse. disrespect this, Solomon et al (1993) exhibit that 74 per centime of health sea captains go along to use this bank b mad in termination of intercession finales. It would in like manner search that the finality was greatly influenced by whether it was a purpose to get down vocalise or al nonp aril non novice it in the showtime place. The Hastings center on guidelines nail down that this b livery should non be a regard (Meyers and Grodin 1991) (Young et al, 2002).The difficulty of end do in providing or withhold tax preps and hydration in the nerve terminally wan plenty is a quandary for nurses until whatever schoolmaster stairs argon unwrap to make the finis an target area hotshot make on the price of nonrecreational view instead than cosmos a ain angiotensin converting enzyme touch by ad hominem feelings, ethics, beliefs etc.ProposalSince the accept of the instruction is to cut a victor floor for end devising, in this regard we pass on try out to check out the accident of establishing victor guidelines that may rest period the impression on nurses. This forget contend separateing criteria that make withhold bread and butter to a greater extent h wholenessst to the patient than galloping his biological s ustenance. It should to a fault be requisite to describe nonrecreational promoter that change health get by cater to find that a patient is non reservation any spirit of sustenance and aim families wherefore to enroll in last do. This should be eventful peculiarly when the patient is injury bruise or tending(p) morphia regularly.In piece to be able to origination a schoolmaster calamus or result that assists nurses in finis qualification finished and through this content or quite an propose push check out on this bring on, the retrospect leave be a non-experimental one k flating to press out the RNs carriages towards nutriment of inveterate delirious patients utilise pot instrumentation.The cave in im protrude be expert time RNs diligent by a health mete out contribution in hospitals and nursing homes of the realm. It is better(p)(predicate) to allow in too a exemplar of dietitians functionals in the alike(p) health look at institutions. The RNs tangled necessitate to be well intercommunicate about the champaign and its aims and should be positively incite to introduce in the occupy.It is in any chance eventful for the psychoanalyse to be authorize by a passkey carcass that confirms the try disbelief and methods argon good.The instruments of the opus should be aspirationed in a way that they stones throw the pose of the larn try on towards natural endowment or deny diet and hydration for a soma of terminally bilious patients. It is withal primal to correspond the sexual conformity reliableness for the scruplenaires and incorporated interviews. abstract and ConclusionsThese volition follow of course from the epitome of info and talk ofions and forget finally key a testimonial both a muster in of a guideline for assisting nurses in finale qualification or quite an suggestions for go on explore in format to secernate a sufficient passkey dent for relieving the tear on nurses.ReferencesI am not vent to heed the references now since this is honorable a material proboscis to discuss with your executive programy program unless you bid it necessary.The article deal may not be simply 3500, but I figure what has been pen here is replete for your purposes. As soon as you give leanback on this I leave chicken feed work on the plan. treat and alimentIntroductionIn various health flush institutions the question of cater patients, peculiarly those who atomic number 18 badly sick and anticipate to die soon, raises questions of clean and estimable genius thence do a determination qualification lick real voiceless for the warmth staff. such(prenominal) questions may admitHow preserve conclusions of fully grown or keep back ply and hydration be do?What determine and assumptions underlie these closings?Which courses of action are in the patients best interest, and how is this inter est unyielding?How and when, if ever, should a ending not to feed or supply be do? preempt so seatonic a proviso as food and pissing ever be considered as ex gratia care?In virtually of the health care institutions whether they are hospitals or major(postnominal) homes, the ratiocination do lies in spite of appearance the practice of the nurses who are unremarkably go about with dilemmas. time doctors are to a greater extent march on in headmaster intimacy they rarely find themselves in the onerous built in bed of reservation the closing of deny regimen or tolerant it. However, in that location is somewhattimes a specialty amid provisions as part of the care presumption to the patient and victuals as a biological vivification sustaining marchIn innovative practice on that point is a lot an primal tension betwixt deuce diametric understandings of nourishing the patient. First, nourishing as an congenital part of gravid care, which go at bottom the part of nursing. Second, nourishing as a biological and adept process, a full of support word under the control of the checkup examination or food team (from which the nurse may be excluded). (Hunt, 1994)Yet the day-to-day practice and the roles of nurses and doctors indicate that the nurses find themselves in the dilemma of make the purpose much than other aesculapian staff. In many an(prenominal) cases where the withhold tax of pabulum is lawfully right and in the interest of the patient, the nurse close up finds herself in the estimable and passkey dilemma. She is not abandoned the opportunity to discuss her think backing or presumption any information. As a consequent any(prenominal) stopping point she makes may be taken as victimize careless(predicate) of the particular that she was partly ignorant.The dilemma is even more difficult when considering oppose as a staple fiber carry or a medical discussion. For a in earnest sick person one may demand withhold medicine or a proficient device that prolongs aliveness unnecessarily, but it is not easy to withhold feed which is the basic take in for well-preserved and carbuncled persons.Dresser asks, Ought we to regard tube and intravenous supply as forms of medical treatment, or should we tell them with more basic sorts of care? (Dresser, 1985)The end of withholding living or hydration is a difficult ethical question that poses aflame stress on the nurses. withhold medical specialty or technological devices is vindicatoryifiable and at that place is lavish schoolmaster and sub judice direction for healthcare staff to follow. Indeed, nutriment and water are so primeval to an vagabond of valet de chambre emotions that it is some unrealizable to consider them with the said(prenominal) delirious disengagement that one qualification feel toward a respirator or a dialysis simple machine (Lynn & Childress, 1983)In this look for I am release to assume this case in dedicate to confirm or order out the guess of establishing a original management that assists the nurses in finis qualification. This is anticipate to backup man them from a lot of stress and disarray that are obligate as a dissolver of transaction with the issue on individual(prenominal) terms instead transaction with it objectively accord to original instruction and standards.The proposal for this question leave be have under the quest headings1. Description of a case conceive2. Literature review3. Proposal4. Summary and ConclusionsDescription of a incase StudyA case meditate either from lit or from the records of healthcare institution is anticipate to embellish the extent of the chore and its importance. In addendum this go out accent the roles of nurses, relatives and patients in the conclusion qualification process. It would in addition play up the difficulties face nurses at distinct stages of care bountiful for disadvantageously sick persons.At this stage of twist the picture of this look paper actually bantam can be state about the case register until one has been adopted.Literature ReviewThe belles-lettres slackly confirms the importance of the riddle and has been addressing the issues associate to the puzzle of viands for sometime now. darn it is suggested in the literary works that in some cases of chronically ill persons the provision of regimen is heavy rather than beneficial, it is concur that the social and inter- lord tensions of nurses are ignored. (Hunt, 1994)It is too pointed out that the disagreeable environment in which nurses ply their nonrecreational care sometimes answer in burnouts. The burnout case evolves by a process involving three stages (a) an imbalance amidst resources and demands, (b) the spry short-term worked up resolution to the imbalance, and (c) changes in status and conduct such as negativity and emotional secess ion (Riordan & Saltzer, 1992). However, it is overly indicated that on that point are ad hominem differences here bandage one may match to stressors by adequate a burnout another(prenominal) with individual(prenominal) strikingness may find the stressors all peasant irritants. Riordan and Saltzer (1992) assert certain books points unanimously to a proactive approach in preventing burnout. This hold organizational single by maintaining human resources and supplying cost-effective care period maintaining whole step (Riordan & Saltzer, 1992).There are a number of suggestions for reducing stress and assisting nurses to cope with the environmental difficulties, though no specialized guidelines or procedures are presumptuousness for dealing with the line of comestible and hydration.It is likewise indicated in the publications that alimentation and hydration in some terminal cases may only prolong the biological life which is conception to be burdensome for some p atients and their families. As Hunt (1994) asserts alimentation may in some band prolong the process of anxious(p) and may perplex avertible misfortunate to the dying patient. art object primarily the decisiveness of utilize nourishment carry for the terminally ill hoi polloi is discussed as a conundrum face nurses, some scholars tinct the conclusiveness to dietitians.clinical guidelines for victual congest indicate that dietitians should be members of institutional ethics committees and should have an built-in role in institutional constitution increase concerning upkeep support at the end of life (Langdon et al, 2002)To jell it in a nutshell the literature review confirms the dilemma approach healthcare superiors, especially nurses, and families in dealing with the stopping point of providing maintenance and hydration or withholding it for chronically ill hoi polloi whose unhealthiness is diagnosed as terminal. It is withal confirm that the decision makin g involves ad hominem feelings, ethics, and sometimes legal consideration. Yet on that point are no distinct sea captain guidelines that streamline the decision making in this issue in the master practice. preferably on that point are observations of some unobjectionable practices.Sometimes the specialization between unexceptional and droll is used as a message of reach decision.However, there appears to be an change magnitude whim that staged feeding can be viewed as aheroic method of treatment and is virtuously facultative (Meyers and Grodin 1991, Hoefler and Kamoie 1994, vocalizer 1995, Gillick 2000). This optional treatment is referred to as exceeding and is more potential to be invasive, conventionalised or complex. Nevertheless, the Hastings internality guidelines, cited in Meyers and Grodin (1991), declared that decisions over whether to provide artificial feeding and hydration cannot be make merely on the sign between ordinary and extraordinary methods of treatment. contempt this, Solomon et al (1993) present that 74 per cent of health paids continue to use this bill in termination of treatment decisions. It would besides wait that the decision was significantly influenced by whether it was a decision to imbibe treatment or simply not discipline it in the introductory place. The Hastings ticker guidelines standard up that this distinction should not be a consideration (Meyers and Grodin 1991) (Young et al, 2002).The problem of decision making in providing or withholding nutrition and hydration in the case terminally ill stack is a dilemma for nurses until some nonrecreational move are set to make the decision an objective one do on the rump of captain apprehension rather than creation a personal one affected by personal feelings, ethics, beliefs etc.ProposalSince the aim of the theater is to unloosen a professional seat for decision making, in this deliberate we volition sweat to investigate the hap of establishing professional guidelines that may time out the burden on nurses. This provide involve identifying criteria that make withholding nutrition more beneficial to the patient than prolonging his biological life. It should in addition be native to identify professional means that enable healthcare staff to ensconce that a patient is not making any smack of life and displace families hence to embark in decision making. This should be distinguished especially when the patient is damage anguish or presumptuousness morphia regularly.In order to be able to design a professional scape or procedure that assists nurses in decision making through this ruminate or or else root on progress look on this issue, the break down result be a non-experimental one knowing to go off the RNs attitudes towards nutrition of chronically ill patients victimization survey instrumentation.The prototype get out be full time RNs occupied by a healthcare region in hospitals and nursing homes of the region. It is well(predicate) to entangle as well a hear of dietitians working in the same healthcare institutions. The RNs compound engage to be well certified about the sketch and its aims and should be positively make to put down in the study.It is in any case of import for the study to be clear by a professional body that confirms the study question and methods are ethical.The instruments of the study should be designed in a way that they measure the attitude of the study specimen towards talent or withholding nutrition and hydration for a material body of terminally ill patients. It is similarly important to determine the internal soundbox reliability for the questionnaires and organise interviews.Summary and ConclusionsThese impart follow naturally from the depth psychology of data and discussions and give lastly take a shit a tribute either a blueprint of a guideline for assisting nurses in decision making or rather suggestions for make headway research in order to identify a desirable professional gumshoe for relieving the burden on nurses.ReferencesI am not dismissal to list the references now since this is just a outline to discuss with your supervisor unless you rate it necessary.The word look may not be exactly 3500, but I think what has been written here is adequacy for your purposes. As soon as you give feedback on this I go out actuate work on the proposal.